CHROMIUM

Chromium is an essential trace element for normal growth and development of mammals and poultry.

Eventhough conclusive results are not obtained regarding fishes, it is found that deficiency of chromium leads to poor protein utilisation and growth.

MOLYBDENUM

Molybdenum plays an important role in the synthesis of enzyme systems such as Xanthine oxidase. Its deficiency shows retarded growth.

PHOSPHORUS

Of all the minerals phosphorus is one of the most important mineral mainly because of its high requirement in the growth and bone mineralisation and also in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.

It is Known that common carp which lacks a stomach, assimilates the water soluble mono-calcium phosphate just as well as the trout but not tri-calcium phosphate which is acid soluble.

Since fish meal consists large proportion of tri-calcium phosphate, common carp cannot assimilate well the phosphate from this source leading to its release into the pond water from faeces where it is slowly redissolved and together with the ammonia excreted by the carp, can in turn produce extensive entrophication.

It is now found that organic phosphorus of Soya is assimilated with high efficiency. AMCHEMIN - AQ has Amino Acids derived from Soya and as phosphorus is in chelated form, its interaction with calcium is prevented leading to better absorption.

MAGNESIUM

Magnesium is an essential constituent of bone in the fishes and its metabolic activity is interrelated with calcium & phosphorus metabolism. It is also an essential element in some enzymatic process in the metabolism of carbohydrates.

Deficiency of magnesium leads to reduced growth rate and renal nephrocalcinosis occurance i.e. deposition of calcium in the nephrons. Amino Acid chelated magnesium is absorbed more effectively.

SODIUM

Sodium is an important constituent as a main electrolyte of blood plasma and the extracellular fluid.

POTASSIUM

Potassium is one of the main electrolyte of the intracellular fluid and plays a key role along with sulphur & phosphorus in building of tissues.

IRON

Iron is an essential element for formation of haemoglobin in blood erythrocytes. Iron deficiency was found to cause hypochromic microcytic anaemia in some fishes like common carps.

Amino Acid Chelated Iron is the best source of Iron and has no interaction with phosphorus preventing formation of Iron phosphate.

SULPHUR

Sulphur is important in the intracellular fluid and can be absorbed directly from water, but the absorption is always lower as compared to phosphorus.

Hence only a fraction of sulphur obsorbed from the water is retained in the organic compounds of the body. This necessitates providing of sulphur through diet.

COPPER

Copper requirement of fish is lower than that of most terrestrial animals. However deficiency of copper gives rise to slow growth.

MANGANESE

Manganese is associated with the metabolism of arginase in the liver and with some peptidases. It plays a major part in activating enzyme systems.

Manganese deficiency displays cataracts, inhibition of growth and malformation of the backbone and tail. Amino Acid chelated manganese is absorbed quickly.

COBALT

Cobalt is an essential constituent of Vitamin B12 which is produced in some fishes by the intestinal bacterial flora. Cobalt must however be provided for this production.

Cobalt also takes part in other metabolic processes such as enhancing the activity of certain peptidases and by being a cofactor to several other enzymes and like calcium can be abosrbed directly from water and absorption depends on metabolic rate.

ZINC

Zinc is a component of enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase, the dehydrogenases of alcohol and lactic acid and some peptidase.

Its deficiency leads to high mortality, poor growth, fine erosion and reduced protein and carbohydrate digestibility.

IODINE

Iodine is an important component of the thyroid hormones. However excess of Iodine is toxic.

Amchemin AQ consists of balanced quantity of Iodine chelated with Amino Acids.

CALCIUM

Calcium is essential for bones. 99% of the Calcium is found in bones and remaining 1% plays vital role in metabolism. It constitutes an important part of the intracelluar fluid. The presence of Calcium is essential for activity of some enzymes, notably those responsible for muscle contraction and for the transmission of nervous impulses.

Calcium concentration is important also in extracellular fluid especially in association with the response of muscle to external stimuli and with the mechanism of blood clotting.

Calcium absorption from water is mainly through gills. Calcium uptake both by absorption from water & assimilation from food depends on the metabolic rate of the fish.

The higher the metabolic rate the higher is the calcium uptake. Thus the starved fish where metabolism is low, takes up less calcium than the fed fish. It is found that phosphorus available to the fish has considerable effect on the absorption of calcium from water. Hence balance of dietary calcium and phosphorus is necessary.